Climatology

- Climate is defined as the state between the of the meteorological variables during a long time of observation (above 10 years)
- Climatology is the science that studies all the energy interchange forms between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere, throughthe statistical treatment of the meteorological phenomena occurring in a specific place

* Determining the climate in a region requires many relationed phases to the statistical treatment of the data: from the determination of the average of every variable (Reductionist or Analitic Method) to the use of signs that relate each other (Sinergic Method or of the Indexes), with the objective of stablishing weather forecast (Sinoptic Method)

* Information about Katrina (sept 05)

CHARACTERIZATION
The UV radiation corresponds to every radiation of wave longitude under 4000 A° (so its not visible) It was discovered by Johannes Ritter in the early XIX century and it is divided in to three regions:
- A -UV: 3200- 4000 A°, responsible of the suntanning
- B - UV = "Biological UV": 2800- 3200 A°. It's dangerous to the health but when touches the Earth it is very tiny thanks to the ozone layer.
- C - UV: with a shorter longitude of waves than the other ones, so it corresponds to photones with higher energy = more harmful (they are also absorved by the atmosphere).

UV INDEX
Corresponds to a normalized value 10 (but it can be exceded) it pronosticates the maximum quantity of UV radiation that the surface is going to receive during the time of higher radiation (the solar noon)
The unit of the sign UV corresponds to 25 mW/m2
Types of skin: A (wither, extremely sensitive to the UV radiation, it burns instead of suntanning), B, C and D (black skin never burns, but suntans)

THE OZONE
The atmospheric ozone is formed photochemically (photolisis) throug two forms:
- In the inferior part of the Tropospere (where it is considered a part of the smog)

NO2 + PHOTON (2800- 4300A°) --> NO + O
O + O2 + Solid Base--> O3 + Solid Base

- In the Stratosphere (20- 30 Km) where it is part of the "Ozone Layer":

O2 + PHOTON (< 2000 A°) --> 2O
O + O2 + Solid Base --> O3 + Solid Base

The ozone layer has two special functions for living, acting as a protector shield against the UV rays coming from the sun. According to the UN inform "Impacts of the UV radiation in the ecosystem", the lowering to the ozone layer is going to increase the skin cancer cases and is going to cause the loss of seven million tons of fish every year. If all agreements were fulfilled, the ozone layer would get recover by the year 2070.

- The presence of a 'hole' in the ozone layer is determined if the content of ozone is below 220 matm x cm (miliatmospheres per cm)
- Punta Arenas, Puerto Williams and Villa Las Estrellas (Chilean Antarctica) are used to be included inside the zone of the hole in the ozone layer.

The destruction of the ozone layer is due to the chlorine that is present in the atmosphere:

O3 + Cl --> ClO + O2

Unfortunately the ClO always becomes into chlorine:

ClO + O --> Cl + O2

... What take us again to the first reaction, it means the chlorine is not wasted away in the process.

(NOTE: The nitrogen oxides, the freons and the olefinas destroy the ozone)

1996: In SOCHIFI X is published the paper "Predicción de la concentración de partículas contaminantes en Santiago de Chile, usando una red neuronal" by Reyes, Pérez and Trier.

* 1998:
i) It is published in FEXAP 98 the paper "Método Neuronal para predecir niveles de contaminación atmosférica" by the authors Pérez, Trier, Reyes, Silva and Montaño.
ii) Pérez et al show in StatPhys 20 (Paris) the work "Predictability of time series on atmospheric pollution by particulate matter".
iii) Reyes et al show in SOCHIFI XI the work "Predictibilidad del material particulado PM2.5 en Santiago de Chile utilizando técnicas de modelación de sistemas dinámicos y redes neuronales".
iv) The DS N° 16/98 stablishes the patterns to be fulfilled the official predictor of atmospheric pollution: a global reliability greater than 65%.
v) CONAMA starts working its first predictor getting a reliability of 59%.

* 1999
Cassmassi publishes the work "Improvement of the forecast air quality and of the knowledge of the local meteorological conditions in the metropolitan region".

* 2000
i) In the International magazine Atmospheric Environment 34 (2000), Pérez, Trier and Reyes show the work "Prediction of PM2.5 concentrations several hours in advance using neural networks in Santiago, Chile"
ii) In SOCHIFI 2000 Reyes et al show the work "Desarrollo de un predictor de la concentración de 24 horas de MP10 mediante la utilización de redes neuronales"
iii) The Geophysics Department of Universidad de Chile announces that the Cassmassi Model has an accuracy of 71%.
iv) CONAMA replaces its previous predictor by the Cassmassi Model.

CLOUDS AND ATMOSPHERIC WEATHER I) High Clouds (above 6000 m) - Cirros: clouds made up by ice crystals. If they are associated with cirrocúmulos they forecast bad weather conditions - Cirrocúmulos: they gather as white flakes or round masses - Cirroestratos: they gather as milky veil. They forecast storms II) Middle clouds (from 2000 to 6000 m) - Altocúmulos: icy masses distributed in white layers - Altoestratos: they are shown as gray or blue veils. They forecast long rainfalls III) Low clouds - Estratocúmulos: thick clouds which usually have a shred form. They forecast moderated rainfalls - Nimboestratos: corpuscles with shiny and gray intervals and very dark spots. - Estratos: clouds of uniform light gray looking as fog. They only originate light drizzle.